{"id":31605,"date":"2026-08-12T15:22:28","date_gmt":"2026-08-12T13:22:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stella33.com\/workplace-dictionary-who-manages-the-office-and-under-which-service-model\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T18:20:51","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T16:20:51","slug":"workplace-dictionary-who-manages-the-office-and-under-which-service-model","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stella33.com\/en\/workplace-dictionary-who-manages-the-office-and-under-which-service-model\/","title":{"rendered":"Workplace dictionary: who manages the office and under which service model"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"31605\" class=\"elementor elementor-31605 elementor-31570\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aee1b8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2aee1b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ec95f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ec95f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In summary<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1704785 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1704785\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Office terminology mixes three different levels: roles (office management, facility management), measured experiences (tenant experience), and commercial models (flex office, Office as a Service, plug &amp; play office). Confusing them leads to comparisons between offers that are not actually comparable. <\/li><li>Only one of these six terms has an internationally standardized definition: facility management, codified by ISO 41011:2024 and the ISO 41001:2018 management system.<\/li><li>Flex office and Office as a Service describe the same direction through two different lenses: the former concerns the contract and scalability, while the latter concerns the scope of services included in the fee.<\/li><li>In Europe, the share of corporate portfolios allocated to flexible space increased from 12% in 2024 to 21% in 2025 (CBRE, October 2025, pan-European scope).<\/li><li>The term \u201cplug &amp; play\u201d describes a state of immediate usability; in English-language industry terminology, the closest concept is the spec suite, fitted out by the landlord before a tenant is secured.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c79ca7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c79ca7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How to read this dictionary<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a60a766 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a60a766\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"FirstParagraph\"><span lang=\"it\">This series brings together the terms that recur in office proposals, tenders and negotiations, organized by semantic field. Part 1 covers the six terms that answer two operational questions: who manages the space and under what contractual model it is delivered.  <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d96ddb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d96ddb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Office management<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a27782b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a27782b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11a47a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11a47a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Definition.<\/strong> Day-to-day oversight of how an office operates: reception, supplies, supplier relationships, scheduling of shared spaces, document security, operating budget, and coordination of the people who work there. No standards body has codified the role. The relevant professional association, IAAP (International Association of Administrative Professionals), describes administrative professionals as people responsible for completing administrative tasks and coordinating information and people in an office environment.  <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>History<\/strong>. The foundational text of the discipline is <em>Scientific Office Management<\/em> by William Henry Leffingwell, published in 1917: it applied to office work the principles of scientific management then being used in factories. The professional association\u2019s history begins in 1942 with the founding of the National Secretaries Association, which in 1951 introduced the first Certified Professional Secretary examination, administered to 281 candidates. The association became Professional Secretaries International in 1981, IAAP in 1998, and in 2001 launched the CAP (Certified Administrative Professional) credential. The shift in terminology from secretarial work to office management accompanied that trajectory, although there is no single document that dates it precisely.   <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Usage.<\/strong> In Italian organizations, the office manager often covers a hybrid scope: procurement, light facility management, internal events, onboarding, and relations with the workspace provider. In serviced office contracts, this is the person who liaises with the house management team and measures the quality perceived by colleagues. <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Advantages.<\/strong> Structured office management reduces the time technical and commercial teams spend on non-core activities, tracks recurring costs in a way that can be compared year over year, and maintains a single point of contact with workspace suppliers. In companies with fewer than fifty employees, it is the function that makes the true cost of an office visible. <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Bibliography.<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Leffingwell, W. H., <em>Scientific Office Management<\/em>, A. W. Shaw Company, Chicago\/New York, 1917. Full text: <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/scientificoffice00leff\">archive.org\/details\/scientificoffice00leff<\/a> <\/li><li>IAAP, <em>IAAP History<\/em>, International Association of Administrative Professionals. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iaap-hq.org\/general\/custom.asp?page=iaap_history\">iaap-hq.org\/page\/iaap_history<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8b3d74 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f8b3d74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8db539f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8db539f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Facility management<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29e0e6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29e0e6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Definition<\/strong>. <strong>ISO 41011:2024<\/strong>, clause 3.1.1, defines facility management as the organizational function that integrates people, place and process within the built environment, with the aim of improving people\u2019s quality of life and the productivity of the organization\u2019s core business. The same wording already appeared in ISO 41011:2017. The certifiable management system is <strong>ISO 41001:2018<\/strong>.  <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>History<\/strong>. In 1978, Herman Miller Research Corporation hosted the <em>Facility Influence on Productivity<\/em> conference, which brought together the founders of the industry association. In May 1980, the National Facility Management Association was established in Houston, with 47 participants attending its first meeting in October. The name IFMA was adopted in 1982, with the chartering of the Toronto chapter and incorporation in Ann Arbor. IFMA issued its first official definition of FM in 1986. In Europe, the network originated from an exploratory meeting in the Netherlands in 1987 and was formally registered in 1993 as the European Facility Management Network. For many years, the European standard EN 15221-1:2006 provided the reference definition across the continent, before being replaced by EN ISO 41011:2018.     <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Usage.<\/strong> The scope ranges from hard services (building systems, planned and corrective maintenance, energy) to soft services (cleaning, reception and house management, security, landscaping, catering, waste management). These services may be provided under fixed-fee, consumption-based or outcome-based contracts, with service-level indicators. In the Italian office market, they are outsourced as individual services, bundled packages or under a global service contract.  <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Advantages.<\/strong> ISO standardization makes specifications and offers comparable, something that rarely happens elsewhere in workplace terminology. Facility management governed through performance indicators shifts spending from repair to prevention, extends the useful life of building systems, and creates the historical data needed for energy certifications and sustainability reporting. <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Bibliography.<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>ISO, <em>ISO 41011:2024 Facility management. Vocabulary <\/em>, 2\u00aa ed., 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/82405.html\">iso.org\/standard\/82405.html<\/a><\/li><li>ISO, <em>ISO 41001:2018 Facility management. Management systems <\/em>, 2018.  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/68021.html\">iso.org\/standard\/68021.html<\/a><\/li><li>IFMA, <em>History<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ifma.org\/about\/about-ifma\/history\/\">ifma.org\/about\/about-ifma\/history\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57e0fc6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"57e0fc6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49c9bbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"49c9bbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tenant experience<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbb0a79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bbb0a79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Definition.<\/strong> Overall quality of the experience of those who occupy a property, measured from the perspective of the people using it: access, services, comfort, communication, community, and time lost on ancillary activities. No standards body has codified the term, and the most common definitions come from technology providers. The strongest institutional reference is the <strong>British Council for Offices<\/strong>\u2019 2017 research, <em>Office Service Standards and Customer Experience<\/em>, which proposes a Building Performance Scorecard to assess performance from the perspective of owners, property managers and occupiers, and calls on the real estate sector to rethink service delivery starting from customer requirements.  <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>History.<\/strong> History. In 2010, Tim Oldman founded Leesman to measure the impact of the workplace on employees: the Leesman Index is a score from 0 to 100 based on an anonymous questionnaire of around eighty questions. In 2013, WiredScore was founded in New York to certify the digital connectivity of buildings. On 17 October 2017, the BCO presented the research cited above in London, commissioned by its Occupier Group together with British Land, Broadgate Estates, CBRE and Legal &amp; General, and that work led to the creation of the BCO Customer Experience Award. On 20 April 2021, WiredScore launched SmartScore, a smart building certification that debuted with 44 property owners covering 70 buildings across seven countries.   <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Usage.<\/strong> In practice, tenant experience is measured through three categories of data: periodic occupier surveys, space utilization data, and service indicators (response times to requests, meeting room availability, connectivity uptime). In multi-tenant business centers, operational oversight is handled by the house management team, which brings together reception, services and community life. <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Advantages.<\/strong> For the occupying company, measuring the experience makes something negotiable that would otherwise remain a matter of personal perception. For the property owner, measured experience correlates with tenant retention and reduces the cost of re-letting the space. <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Bibliography.<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>British Council for Offices, <em>Office Service Standards and Customer Experience<\/em>, 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bco.org.uk\/\">bco.org.uk<\/a><\/li><li>WiredScore, <em>44 landlords commit 70 buildings to SmartScore<\/em>, April 22, 2021. <a href=\"http:\/\/wiredscore.com\/blog\/2021\/04\/22\/new-certification-for-smart-buildings\/\">wiredscore.com\/blog\/2021\/04\/22\/new-certification-for-smart-buildings\/<\/a><\/li><li>Leesman, official website, employee experience benchmark. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.leesmanindex.com\/\">leesmanindex.com<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9849b8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9849b8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/stella33.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/IMG_9405-1-1024x768.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-31593\" alt=\"Office management Milano\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stella33.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/IMG_9405-1-1024x768.webp 1024w, https:\/\/stella33.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/IMG_9405-1-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/stella33.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/IMG_9405-1-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/stella33.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/IMG_9405-1.webp 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13d2452 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13d2452\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Flex office<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ed807c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ed807c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Definition.<\/strong> An office available under shorter-term contracts, with adjustable space and services included in the fee. It includes coworking, serviced private offices, business centers and hybrid spaces. The institutional reference is the <strong>BCO\u2019s 2019<\/strong> research <em>The Rise of Flexible Workspace in the Corporate Sector<\/em>, which analyzes five business models applicable to large organizations in the United Kingdom.  <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>History.<\/strong> In 1978, Alf Moufarrige launched Servcorp in Sydney by dividing up space in the MLC Centre, with the stated aim of reducing overhead costs through shared office resources; in 1980, the same company introduced the virtual office concept. In 1979, the first business centre in the United Kingdom opened in Northampton. In 1989, Mark Dixon founded Regus in Brussels, which listed in London in 2000 at a valuation of \u00a31.6 billion, filed for Chapter 11 protection for its US operations in 2003 after the dot-com bubble, acquired HQ Global Workplaces in 2004 and Spaces in 2015. In December 2016, the holding company IWG was established, headquartered in Zug. Some industry sources trace the first executive suites in the United States back to the 1960s, citing OmniOffices in 1962 and Paul Fegen\u2019s furnished law suites in 1966: these dates are reported by AllWork.Space but are not confirmed by independent historical documentation.    <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Usage.<\/strong> Companies use flex space for three recurring reasons: entering a new market without capital commitments, absorbing growth or contraction between two planning cycles, and covering the need for collaborative spaces that the main lease does not provide. In Italy, office take-up remains concentrated on smaller units: in the first quarter of 2025, more than 60% of transactions in Rome involved spaces of less than 1,000 sqm (JLL, April 2025). <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Advantages.<\/strong> A single predictable fee, no upfront fit-out investment, reconfigurable space, pay-per-use meeting rooms, and activation times measured in days. The economic benefit becomes clear when calculating the total cost of occupancy, which combines rent, services, utilities and internal management hours. <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Bibliography.<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>CBRE, <em>European Flex Market Update 2025<\/em>, October 20, 2025, pan-European scope. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbre.com\/insights\/reports\/business-insights-european-flex-market-update-2025\">cbre.com\/insights\/reports\/business-insights-european-flex-market-update-2025<\/a><\/li><li>Cushman &amp; Wakefield, <em>Global Flexible Office Trends 2025<\/em>, 2025, global scope. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cushmanwakefield.com\/en\">cushmanwakefield.com\/en\/insights\/global-flexible-office-trends<\/a><\/li><li>British Council for Offices, <em>The Rise of Flexible Workspace in the Corporate Sector<\/em>, October 16, 2019, scope UK. <a href=\"http:\/\/bco.org.uk\">bco.org.uk<\/a><\/li><li>JLL, <em>In Q1 2025, the office leasing market recorded nearly 130,000 sqm of take-up across Milan and Rome<\/em>, 11 April 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jll.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/nel-q1-2025-il-mercato-delloffice-leasing-ha-registrato-quasi-130000-mq-di-take-up-tra-milano-e-roma\">jll.com<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-931e1f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"931e1f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Office as a Service (OaaS)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f49997 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f49997\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Definition.<\/strong> A model in which the workspace is delivered as an ongoing service, with a defined scope of included services (space, furniture, connectivity, energy, cleaning, reception, maintenance, meeting rooms, community) and a single recurring fee. The term is used commercially without a standardized definition. The most authoritative document supporting this approach is the BCO\u2019s 2017 research cited above, which calls on the sector to treat the office as a service rather than as a commodity.  <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>History.<\/strong> The \u201cspace as a service\u201d framing became established in industry literature around 2017 and 2018. On 6 April 2018, Antony Slumbers published <em>Space As A Service, but bigger than that<\/em>, in which he described it as a philosophy of space, summarized by the phrase \u201cService not Product, long not short term\u201d. In the same article, Slumbers stated that he had not coined the term, referring to a discussion about priority with Duke Long. The morphological link with Software as a Service is plausible but remains undocumented.   <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Usage.<\/strong> When comparing offers, OaaS describes the scope: which cost items are included in the fee and which remain the company\u2019s responsibility. It is the right lens for building a Total Cost of Occupancy table, adding together rent, utilities, facility management, cleaning, IT, amortized furniture, meeting rooms and the internal working hours absorbed by management. <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Advantages.<\/strong> Predictable spending, a single invoice, no fit-out CAPEX, responsibility for service levels resting with the provider, and the ability to shift into the operating budget what would be a multi-year investment under the traditional model.<\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Bibliography.<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>British Council for Offices, <em>Office Service Standards and Customer Experience<\/em>, 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bco.org.uk\/research-report\/office-service-standards-customer-experience\">bco.org.uk<\/a><\/li><li>Slumbers, A., <em>Space As A Service, but bigger than that<\/em>, April 6, 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antonyslumbers.com\/theblog\/2018\/4\/6\/space-as-a-service-but-bigger-than-that\">antonyslumbers.com\/theblog\/2018\/4\/6\/space-as-a-service-but-bigger-than-that<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c893dae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c893dae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Plug &amp; play office<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ad46fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ad46fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Definition.<\/strong> Space delivered ready to use: fitted out, furnished, wired, with building systems, restrooms and a break area fully operational, and occupiable without any further work. No standards body has defined the term. The closest technical term in commercial real estate is <strong>spec suite<\/strong>, which Colliers describes as space fitted out by the landlord on a speculative basis, before a tenant has been identified, and delivered move-in-ready.  <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>History.<\/strong> Spec suites have been an established offering for decades in English-speaking markets and have returned to prominence following post-pandemic shifts in demand, with documented concentrations in the US markets of Charlotte, Miami and Nashville (Colliers, 2024). In the United Kingdom, the contractual variant is <strong>Cat A+<\/strong>, discussed in professional literature since 2023 as a hybrid between Cat A and Cat B and explicitly described as plug-and-play space (Brodies LLP, 23 October 2023). <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Usage.<\/strong> In US markets, the typical spec suite is under 10,000 sq ft, approximately 930 sqm, with demand concentrated between 1,500 and 6,000 sq ft, approximately 140\u2013560 sqm, and lease terms of three to five years for smaller tenants (Colliers, 16 October 2024). In the Italian market, the equivalent format can be found in business centers and serviced offices. <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Advantages.<\/strong> Activation time reduced to days, no construction work to manage, no risk of cost overruns during fit-out, and no obligation to restore the space at the end of the lease. The trade-off lies in the financial terms: the landlord, having funded the fit-out upfront, recovers that investment through rent and incentives, as the literature on Cat A+ notes. <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Bibliography.<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Skorupski, M., <em>The Popularity of Spec Suites<\/em>, Colliers Knowledge Leader, October 16, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/knowledge-leader.colliers.com\/marianne-skorupski\/the-popularity-of-spec-suites\/\">knowledge-leader.colliers.com\/marianne-skorupski\/the-popularity-of-spec-suites\/<\/a><\/li><li>Hall, L. e Hunter, P., <em>Plug and play (Cat A+) fit-out<\/em>, Brodies LLP, October 23, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/brodies.com\/insights\/real-estate\/plug-and-play-cat-a-fit-out\/\">brodies.com\/insights\/real-estate\/plug-and-play-cat-a-fit-out\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p> <\/p><p>A useful clarification in negotiations: spec suite and plug &amp; play are not synonyms. The former describes the landlord\u2019s investment decision, while the latter describes the space\u2019s state of readiness for use. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0636d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d0636d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How the six terms fit together<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c03b66c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c03b66c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The first three terms describe who is responsible for the space: office management sits within the occupying organization, facility management oversees the building\u2019s systems and services, and tenant experience is the outcome perceived by the people who work there. The other three describe how the space is brought to market: flex office defines the contract, Office as a Service defines the scope of services, and plug &amp; play defines the condition in which the space is delivered. <\/p><p> <\/p><p>An offer can be flex but not plug &amp; play, for example a basic floor with a short-term contract. It can be plug &amp; play but not flex, for example a spec suite with a five-year lease. Checking the three dimensions separately helps avoid paying twice for the same promise.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d78a446 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d78a446\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">FAQ<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4549f29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"4549f29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-7260\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-7260\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Are facility management and office management the same thing?  <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-7260\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa44771 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aa44771\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b88374 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b88374\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No. Facility management is a function defined by an international standard (ISO 41011:2024) and oversees the built environment, building systems and services. Office management oversees the day-to-day operation of the office from the perspective of the organization occupying it.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-7261\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-7261\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Are flex offices and coworking the same thing?  <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-7261\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a87b54 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2a87b54\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e2305 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e2305\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Coworking is one form of flex office, alongside serviced private offices, business centers and hybrid spaces. The common feature is shorter-term occupancy with services included. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-7262\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-7262\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Is there an official definition of Office as a Service?  <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-7262\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea27cbf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ea27cbf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6271193 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6271193\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No. It is a commercially used term. The underlying concept is grounded in the British Council for Offices\u2019 2017 research on the office delivered as a service.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-7263\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-7263\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Are plug &amp; play offices and spec suites synonyms?  <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-7263\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7d4e50 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a7d4e50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3198852 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3198852\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>They are closely related concepts viewed from different angles. A spec suite describes the landlord\u2019s decision to fit out the space in advance, while plug &amp; play describes the space\u2019s immediate availability for the occupier. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-7264\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-7264\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> How much does flex space currently account for in European corporate portfolios?  <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-7264\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5491eba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5491eba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22b18e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22b18e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The average allocation to flexible space increased from 12% in 2024 to 21% in 2025 according to CBRE (October 2025, pan-European scope).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03d7203 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"03d7203\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Continue reading<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34733b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"34733b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Part 2 of the dictionary moves into fit-out and construction: fit out, Cat A, Cat B, building management system, meeting pod and phone booth. Part 3 concludes with metrics and certifications: occupancy rate, vacancy rate, desk sharing, hot desking, ESG office, WELL and LEED. <\/p><p> <\/p><p>If you are evaluating an office in Milan or Venice and want to compare the models described here against your specific situation, <a href=\"https:\/\/stella33.com\/en\/business-center-milan\/?_gl=1*mp4bwk*_up*MQ..*_ga*NjIyNjYyNTgyLjE3ODY1NDc4Mjk.*_ga_DKZ3G63PW9*czE3ODY1NDc4MjgkbzEkZzAkdDE3ODY1NDc4MjgkajYwJGwwJGgyODA1MzA1MDU.\">contact Stella33 for a visit and a discussion about the total cost of occupancy<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb4eb6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"cb4eb6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\thbspt.forms.create({\n    portalId: \"139678416\",\n    formId: \"98f9705f-adc0-40e9-9210-6fafa7876ff7\",\n    region: \"eu1\"\n  });\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In summary Office terminology mixes three different levels: roles (office management, facility management), measured experiences (tenant experience), and commercial models (flex office, Office as a Service, plug &amp; play office). Confusing them leads to comparisons between offers that are not actually comparable. Only one of these six terms has an internationally standardized definition: facility management, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":31598,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31605","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tools"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.1 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Office management: workplace dictionary - Stella33 Workspace<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Office management, facility management, tenant experience, flex office and OaaS: definitions, history and sources for those evaluating an office in Milan.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/stella33.com\/en\/workplace-dictionary-who-manages-the-office-and-under-which-service-model\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Workplace dictionary: who manages the office and under which service model\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Office management, facility management, tenant experience, flex office and OaaS: definitions, history and sources for those evaluating an office in Milan.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/stella33.com\/en\/workplace-dictionary-who-manages-the-office-and-under-which-service-model\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Stella33 Workspace\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-08-12T13:22:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-12T16:20:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/stella33.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dizionario-del-workplace-chi-gestisce-l-ufficio-e-con-quale-modello-di-servizio-72-1.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"BURGG\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"BURGG\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"13 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/stella33.com\\\/en\\\/workplace-dictionary-who-manages-the-office-and-under-which-service-model\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/stella33.com\\\/en\\\/workplace-dictionary-who-manages-the-office-and-under-which-service-model\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"BURGG\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/stella33.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/26ea1695b8cb36f1971eb4de585f4961\"},\"headline\":\"Workplace dictionary: who manages the office and under which service model\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-12T13:22:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-12T16:20:51+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/stella33.com\\\/en\\\/workplace-dictionary-who-manages-the-office-and-under-which-service-model\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2681,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/stella33.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/stella33.com\\\/en\\\/workplace-dictionary-who-manages-the-office-and-under-which-service-model\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/stella33.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/dizionario-del-workplace-chi-gestisce-l-ufficio-e-con-quale-modello-di-servizio-72-1.webp\",\"articleSection\":[\"Tools\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"copyrightYear\":\"2026\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/stella33.com\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/stella33.com\\\/en\\\/workplace-dictionary-who-manages-the-office-and-under-which-service-model\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/stella33.com\\\/en\\\/workplace-dictionary-who-manages-the-office-and-under-which-service-model\\\/\",\"name\":\"Office management: workplace dictionary - 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